Paper on diabetes

Paper on diabetes

The inability of current recommendations to control the epidemic of diabetes, the specific failure of the prevailing low-fat diets to improve obesity, cardiovascular risk, or general health and the persistent reports of some serious side effects of commonly prescribed diabetic medications, in combination with the continued success of low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of diabetes and Diabetes mellitus is the most common risk factor, followed by haematological malignancy and solid-organ transplant. Patients with postpulmonary tuberculosis and chronic kidney disease are at additional risk of developing mucormycosis in this country. Trauma is a risk factor for cutaneous mucormycosis Nov 21,  · Diabetes as one of Non-communicable diseases has allocated a large proportion of cost, time and human resources of health systems. Now, due to changes in lifestyle and industrial process, incidence of diabetes and its complications have been increased. Accordingly diabetic foot considered as a common complication of diabetes

Nurses’ role in diabetic foot prevention and care; a review

Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Diabetes as one of Non-communicable diseases has allocated a large proportion of cost, time and human resources of health systems. Now, due to changes in lifestyle and industrial process, incidence of diabetes and its complications have been increased. Accordingly diabetic foot considered as a common complication of diabetes. Nurses are health care providers who actively involved in prevention and early detection of diabetes and its complications.

Diabetes Nurses play their educating role in the field paper on diabetes prevention of diabetic foot, foot care and preventing from foot injury. In care dimension, nurses responsible for early detection of any changes in skin and foot sensation, foot care, dressing and apply novel technology. Consequently, nurses need to attend in special training to use the latest instructions of diabetic foot care in order that provides the effective services to facilitate promote diabetic patients health.

According to the report of World Health Organization WHO the number of diabetic patients in reached to million [ 1 ] and was predicted to increase million by So, at now in most countries diabetes is becoming as an epidemic disorder. There exist evidence demonstrating the significant consequences of the disease on both health care providers and the community as a whole [ 23 ]. Solving this problem requires close collaboration among health system and people; develop national and international strategies and interaction with other health team members.

The novel treatments can lead to increase longevity of diabetic patients and the risk of chronic complications such as eye involvement, renal, paper on diabetes, cardiovascular and diabetic foot and also cause to impose heavy economic burden on the health system [ 5 ].

Diabetic foot is defined by WHO as foot in diabetics with neurologic disorders, paper on diabetes, some degree of vascular involvement with or without metabolic complications of diabetes in lower extremity and prone to infection, scarring, with or without deep tissue damage [ 7 ], paper on diabetes.

Some studies have shown 15 percent of diabetic patients will be suffering from diabetic foot ulcer during their lifetime [ 8 - 14 ]. Diabetic foot ulcer is the most general cause of hospitalization in diabetic patients [ 15 ]. On the other hand, these ulcers can lead to infection, gangrene, amputation and even death if the necessary care is not provided [ 16 ].

In addition, lower extremity amputation is associated with prolonged hospitalization and rehabilitation and also is required to home care and social support [ 17 ].

Overall, the rate of lower limb amputation in diabetic patients is 10—30 times higher than non diabetics [ 1819 ]. The studies showed that every 30 seconds one leg is amputated due to diabetes in the world [ 20 ].

It should be noted that, care and treatment of diabetic foot is expensive all around the world. Besides, the burden of this disease is high. The study was conducted in for estimation burden of diabetes in Iran; the burden of diabetic foot was estimated at and by adding the burden of neuropathic diabetic foot was received up to paper on diabetes, [ 26 ], paper on diabetes.

It should be considered that the burden of diabetic foot related neuropathy was two folds than the burden of diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy currently [ 26 ]. The development of diabetic foot ulcers results from several factors. These factors can increase the risk of foot ulcer and cause detachment in the skin or impairment in the wound healing. Peripheral neuropathy can cause excessive pressure on some points of the feet and consequently, ischemia can increase the susceptibility to ulceration by impairment in peripheral vascular.

In addition, other factors such as poor vision, limited joint movement, inadequate foot coverage and shoes can be susceptive to ulceration in diabetics [ 27 - 30 ]. Ideal management for prevention and treatment of diabetic foot is as follow: regular perception of foot, determine at risk foot, education to patient and health staff, appropriate foot coverage, and early treatment of foot problems [ 32 ].

According to the protocol recommended by the American Diabetes Association ADAone of preventive tactic in diabetes care is multidisciplinary team approach that its advantages are shown in several studies [ 3334 ], paper on diabetes. The members of team for diabetic foot care usually consists of general practitioner, nurse, educator, orthotic, and podiatrists and some consultants; vascular surgeon, infection disease specialist, dermatologist, endocrinologist, dietitian, orthopedic and also it is necessary the access to centers and home care services [ 4445 ].

Although all team members have influence on reduction the incidence of foot ulcer and amputation [ 46 ], however, the role of nurse and podiatrists are essential [ 47 ]. This study investigated the assessment role of the nurse as a member of team of diabetes care, for prevention and control paper on diabetes diabetic foot in the three areas; education, care and rehabilitation.

Improvement of patient care and health services are one of the most paper on diabetes challenges for nurses. According to World Health Organization, nurses are one of the largest health groups in the world who are involved in different levels of health. To achieve these goals, nurses can play different roles, paper on diabetes.

There are seven main roles for nurses including: 1. providing health care, 2. care connector, 3. educator, 4, paper on diabetes.

consultant, 5. leader, paper on diabetes, 6. researcher, 7. supporting the rights of patients [ 48 ], paper on diabetes. Nurses combine science and art to provide health services and seek to eliminate physical, emotional, mental, social-cultural and spiritual patient needs. Since patients care is the first duty of nurses, so that they play an important role in the care of diabetes in developed countries, and diabetes nursing is divided into several categories, including nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, diabetes nurse, generalist nurse and each of them has clear duties.

For example, nurse practitioner focuses on health promotion and disease prevention activities including patient education and consulting [ 49 ].

It is obvious that with the increasing prevalence of diabetes and its complications, there is undeniable need to train nurse specialist in this field. The diabetic foot is so important to such an extent that was considered as one of the main objectives of the Healthy People to reduce the incidence of foot ulceration and amputation in diabetic patients. It has been observed that nurses have an effective role in prevention of foot ulcers and lower limb amputation by educational interventions, screening high-risk people and providing health care [ 52 ].

It is necessary for all diabetic patients, especially patients at risk for foot ulcers, to be familiar with the basics of foot care. Several studies suggest that patient education about foot care is effective in prevention of diabetic foot ulcers [ 53 - 55 ].

Nurses can teach patients how to perform physical examination and take care of their feet on a daily basis [ 56 ]. For instance, nurses can encourage patients to carry out a series of simple rules in order to help prevent foot ulcers or recurrence, such as checking the shoes before wearing, keeping feet clean and continuing care of the skin and nails. Training about choosing the right shoes is essential as well [ paper on diabetes ], paper on diabetes.

However, the nurse educators can evaluate patient requirements and design a particular educational program for each of patients and their families [ 33 ]. Nurses can facilitate active participation of patients and family members in care and they can also teach patients about the importance of regular visits to the clinic, blood paper on diabetes at specified intervals and the primary principle of diabetes care and prevention of its complication, paper on diabetes.

Hence, patients with poor control of blood glucose should be given special attention for practicable educations [ 62 ]. Besides learning the suitable life style, patients should be trained according to the severity of diabetic foot problems [ 47 ]. Considering the above points, education of health care provider is a crucial issue. In addition, most of the time, they lack the knowledge of effective treatments.

In other words, along with patient education, diabetic foot team members and nurses as a key member of them must be trained. The main goal of it is to increase staff awareness of the diabetic foot ulcer risks and improve their skills in examination and treatment of diabetic foot [ 41 ].

Peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease and infection are three major factors for diabetic foot ulcer that can lead to gangrene and amputation [ 63 ]. Nurses who specialize in foot care are involved in the early stages of care and treatment [ 64 ].

The primary goal of screening is early detection of diabetic foot problems, identifying those at risk and planning to reduce the risk of ulcers [ 67 ]. Diabetic foot examination should be part of all visits. Nurses should ask patients to remove their shoes and socks [ 68 - 70 ], and then examine their feet in order to screen patients at high risk and report to other members of the multidisciplinary diabetic foot team [ 71 ]. In a diabetic foot specialty clinic, nurses may access vascular status with an ankle brachial index ABI and toe pressure.

Moreover, pedography system and thermometer are used to assess foot sole pressure and foot temperature [ 7273 ] so the severity of foot problems and being at risk of diabetic ulcers will be identified. Another part of duties that a nurse provides to produce excellent diabetic foot care should be the complementary care such as selection an appropriate dressing according to the type of ulcers, paper on diabetes.

Selection dressing depending on the type of wound which is wet or dry is important since dressings, while keeping clean the wound and maintain the wound moisture, help to debridement and reduce the number of bacteria [ 7475 ]. Regarding the variety of novel dressing, awareness and knowledge of nurses in this field needs to be improved. Diabetic patients follow up at specified intervals is part of the care plan which should be considered first.

Accordingly, all diabetics should be referred to the diabetes clinic in order to have been evaluated for diagnostic and comprehensive foot care every year [ 34 ]. Daily foot care for some diabetic patients, paper on diabetes, especially patients with limited vision due to diabetes and other chronic diseases are difficult because they could not be able to evaluate their feet, paper on diabetes.

Peripheral vascular disease, decreased foot sensation in combination with delay wound healing cause difficulty in foot care, paper on diabetes. These complications should be evaluated by nurses in both clinic and home visit. This is vital especially for patients who have lost their foot. Nurses should encourage and teach patients to use assistive devices [ 76 - 78 ], paper on diabetes.

Accordingly, nurses should be identifying different types of devices and its applications so that introduce to the patients based on patient conditions to maintain their mobility.

For example, paper on diabetes, duties of a diabetic foot nurse in this field include introduction, training and participation of patients in the make use of devices such as canes, walkers and wheelchair which completely remove the pressure on the limb along with the aids such as shoes, boots, the Scottish stone, full contact plaster, plaster walker are an effective methods for removing pressure of the foot [ 79 ].

Diabetic foot as the most common cause of hospitalization in diabetic patients is one of health system concerns, paper on diabetes. So that most of the time of diabetes healthcare providers is allocated to the prevention and diagnosis of diabetic foot complications. In this regard, nurses as members of the diabetes care team not only need to be play their role in health care, public education, health system management, patient care and improving the quality of life, but also must attend in special training to use the latest instructions of diabetic foot care in order that provides the effective services to facilitate promote diabetic patients health.

In our country, despite the increased paper on diabetes of diabetic patients, the training of paper on diabetes nurses paper on diabetes as diabetes paper on diabetes diabetic foot specialist nurses has not been paper on diabetes effectively.

It seems that developing short term training courses for nurses, use of diabetic foot clinical guidelines and algorithms in clinics and hospitals along with continues training about novel approaches in diabetic foot care could be temporarily increased the focus on diabetes and foot care.

Moreover the wide spectrum of programs includes the Master of Sciences in Nursing for developing diabetes specialist nurse and development of electronic health can be diminished this global problem. In this regard, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institution of Tehran University of Medical Sciences developed the clinical guideline of diabetic foot, translated the clinical care paper on diabetes diabetic foot, developed the diabetic foot section of the virtual clinic for diabetes education [ 80 ] designed diabetic foot website [ 81 ] and paper on diabetes has established the network of diabetic foot clinics in order to these educational resources used by diabetic foot care team including nurses.

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Journal List J Diabetes Metab Paper on diabetes v. J Diabetes Metab Disord. Published online Nov doi:

Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 \u0026 Type 2) for Nursing \u0026 NCLEX

, time: 37:19

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is important in preventing diabetes, managing existing diabetes, and preventing, or at least slowing, the rate of development of diabetes complications. It is, therefore, important at all levels of diabetes prevention (see Table 1). MNT is also an integral component of diabetes self-management education (or training) The inability of current recommendations to control the epidemic of diabetes, the specific failure of the prevailing low-fat diets to improve obesity, cardiovascular risk, or general health and the persistent reports of some serious side effects of commonly prescribed diabetic medications, in combination with the continued success of low-carbohydrate diets in the treatment of diabetes and This study characterizes the high-fat diet–fed mouse as a model for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (58% energy by fat) or a normal diet (11% fat). Body weight was higher in mice fed the high-fat diet already after the first week, due to higher dietary intake in combination with lower metabolic efficiency