Jan 16, · Indian Ocean Earthquake And Tsunami. On December 26, , a severe earthquake struck off the coast of Sumatra with a magnitude of After a few hours, a tsunami reached out the Indian Ocean and killed nearly , people in Thailand, Maldives, India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. Hundreds of women and children were reported missing in Indian Ocean Tsunami And Earthquake Words | 3 Pages. For the Humanitarian Project I projected my views of the Indian Ocean Tsunami and Earthquake onto a newsletter. There were multiple sections included on the newsletter, like interviews of the survivors themselves and the effects that the crisis had on the surrounding countries Indian Ocean Tsunami Case Study A Level, biology coursework experiment 2, college essay title ideas, a road accident essay for class 7 prev +
Tsunami of - Words | Case Study Example
The tsunami of December 26 th was a natural disaster that occurred in the Indian Ocean. According to Shibayamathe tsunami was caused by a 9. The earthquake struck the coastal area off northern Sumatra in Indonesia triggering a gigantic tsunami that affected many countries including India, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Africa.
Being a region of soaring volcanic and earthquake activity, the eastern Indian Ocean basin experienced the tsunami that left many countries with devastating consequences.
According to Bappenas the impact of the tsunami was more devastating in the nations that border the Indian Ocean because such nations had no tsunami warning systems and timely communication. According to Shibayamathe tsunami attracted worldwide aid and effort from the United Nations, community groups, national institutions and international organizations because of the immense ecological, economic and social consequences experienced in Indonesia and the neighbouring countries.
According to Bappenasthe Indonesian tsunami was the most devastating disaster as more thanpeople lost lives and 1. This paper looks at consequences of this tsunami to the country of Indonesia in terms of general consequences, i. overview and physical mechanisms, physical consequences and socio-economic consequences.
Although tsunamis can originate from many geophysical mechanisms like volcanoes, landslides and earthquakes, the Indonesian tsunamis have been known to occur along the subduction zones and active seismic regions from tectonic earthquakes.
Latief et al. The areas prone to tsunamis on the Indonesian coast are:. The west coast of Sumatra, the south coast of Java, the north and south coasts of West Nusa, Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara provinces, the islands of Maluku and North Maluku Provinces, essay on tsunami 2004, the north coast of Papua and most of the Sulawesi coastlinep.
Prasetya et al. The joining of these plates results to a multifaceted area having a fault zone, subduction zone, essay on tsunami 2004, back-arc thrusting zone, essay on tsunami 2004, collision zone and back-arc spreading zone as shown in Figure 1.
Majority of the seismic active zones are found under the sea and they have been known to generate huge shallow earthquakes that lead to tsunamis Silver et al. Historical records show that sinceabout eighteen tsunamis have been produced in this region by such earthquakes with fourteen of the tsunamis occurring in eastern Indonesia Prasetya et al.
This is an indication of an unstable seabed in the region that is able to produce tsunamis than other parts of Indonesia p. Figure 1: Tectonic and tsunami map of Indonesian archipelago Adapted from Silver et al. Frequent tsunamis in Indonesia occur in the Makassar Strait, essay on tsunami 2004, which forms a vital border between the western and eastern regions Silver et al.
Six of the recorded eighteen tsunamis since occurred in Makassar Strait from large shallow earthquakes formed through back-arc spreading. These tsunamigenic earthquakes have epicentres near the western shore of Sulawesi Island and these epicentres are disseminated relative to two fault zones that traverse the Makassar Strait Prasetya et al.
These are Palu-Koro fault zone which connects with Sulawesi subduction zone to the north and Paternoster fault to the south. The tsunami was the most tragic event occurring in Indonesia from the Sumatra earthquake that generated a tsunami that not only affected Nangroe Aceh Darussalam NAD and north Sumatra provinces but also spread to nearby nations. Nevertheless, Indonesia was the most affected region where the disaster killed many people and displaced others.
According to Bappenasthere was insufficient time for any alerts and evacuations hence causing a crisis. The tsunami had significant geological effects on the Indian basin and destructive effects on communities living at the coastal region and its environs. Studies have shown that the tsunami greatly damaged fishing boats, houses, prawn culture ponds, tourist resorts, soils and crops as well as livelihoods of coastal communities. Moreover, since most people preferred to live near the coast, such regions were usually highly populated which needs us to understand the impacts of this natural disaster Saatcioglu et al.
This tsunami hit hard the offshore islands and the Sumatra coasts on the south and northern sides. The west-facing coastlines of Sumatra were hit by waves exceeding 30 meters within a period of fifteen to thirty minutes of the earthquake Richmond et al. There were tsunami flow depths of above thirteen meters along a km stretch of the Northwestern coast that led to extensive damage and alteration of the coastal region Moore et al.
Furthermore, there was extensive deposition of tsunami deposits composed mainly of sand in northern Sumatra from the zone of erosion near the shoreline to within twenty meters of flooded sites. According to Moore et al. A survey of the physical impacts of the tsunami indicated that essay on tsunami 2004 highest shore sand deposits were about meters and five kilometres of mud deposit layers inland p.
According to Richmond et al. The different levels of deposits along the land led to irregular deposition of mass. Generally, there was a thick deposit away from the shoreline to a place where it levelled at some point then became thin near the landward boundary.
The changes in surface topography greatly influenced different levels of thickness of the sand sheets, especially with depressions that were in-filled and highs that lacked or had minimal deposits.
For example, areas with beach ridges had varied deposit thickness with high sand deposits of eighty centimetres far from the normal five to twenty Moore et al. There were many layers of deposits whose entire width essay on tsunami 2004 depositions at different instances of either numerous waves or up-rush and return flow.
The tsunami also transported rock sized matter as evidenced by isolated coral boulders deposited on the landward side of the beach Brown Reef surveys done in eight offshore islands and one mainland Aceh spots essay on tsunami 2004 a km distance indicated that the tsunami inverted coral colonies as well as the tree debris on the reef Silver et al. Most areas experienced severe tsunami damage and most corals were killed. According to Brownthe earthquake resulted to the subsidence and uplift of some islands which affected the reef ecosystem dynamics.
For instance, the uplifted reef-flat corals thrived well, the reef-front corals were moved to the reef-flat region and the reef-flat groups were repositioned essay on tsunami 2004 the reef-front.
The tsunami mechanically damaged the corals, rolled them and caused sedimentation in the reef from the land run-off. This affected the coral biodiversity of Indonesia Brown,p.
The tsunami also resulted to loss of natural ecosystems along the coastal line. A damage assessment carried out in Indonesia by the State Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia showed that a large percentage of the coral reefs, wetlands, seagrass beds and sandy beaches located in the Western Indonesian coasts were totally damaged Brownp.
According to Mooreessay on tsunami 2004, the tsunami had tremendous effect on the environment, especially on vegetation, forests and groundwater, essay on tsunami 2004. Large agricultural and non-agricultural lands were damaged by the tsunami due to waterlogging, essay on tsunami 2004, deposits of debris and sediment, soil erosion and salt deposits created by sea waves p.
Seawater inundation occurred on a large area and surveys have indicated that pH and EC values increased irrespective of how far the area was from the sea thus making most wells and open ponds to have high salinity levels. According to Shibayamaessay on tsunami 2004 soil, as well as freshwater supplies, were essay on tsunami 2004 by infiltration of saline water and salt deposits over land. The increased soil salinity negatively affected crops and made lands unsuitable for farming.
Seawater intrusion also affected large fields of agricultural and horticultural croplands adjacent to the seacoast. The tsunami also damaged drainage channels, irrigation channels and canals. For instance, essay on tsunami 2004, canals were widened by invasion and retreating action of waves and later deposition with sand particles. The land cover on sea, essay on tsunami 2004, sand dune and saltpan areas were changed by the tsunami.
For example, eroded sand particles carried by waves were deposited in the sea during the receding action thereby covering a large area of the sea with sand Moore et al. According to Bappenasthe flooded tsunami waters contaminated water supplies leaving many people without safe water as well as exposing them to water-borne illnesses such as typhoid, cholera and malaria.
This was shown by World Health Organization reports which indicated that death of many people due to the tsunami made waterborne disease-outbreaks an issue of chief concern, essay on tsunami 2004. Bappenas further reports that coral reefs in Essay on tsunami 2004 which were struck by waves, did not have fresh water causing them to be inhabitable for a long time. The water sources were contaminated by dead vegetation, human corpses and animal corpses.
After the tsunami, principalities had difficulty in dealing with large debris combined with solid wastes like sand and sewage. The improper disposal of these wastes contaminated the soil and water supply systems. Saatcioglu et al. This posed numerous health-related risks to humanity p. According to Shibayamaa lot of essay on tsunami 2004 was possibly carried essay on tsunami 2004 during the return flow from land into the sea, leading to nitrification of Coastal waters as the matter contained nutrients and trace elements.
This caused and continues to cause development of secondary consumers and a blossom of phytoplankton in the hypoxic conditions. Therefore, after the tsunami, heavy deposits in forests altered the composition of species residing in forest soils. Richmond et al. According to Saatcioglu et al. The waves of the tsunami imposed water pressures with great force on buildings, bridges and other structures near the coast which stirred up severe damage to infrastructure in surrounding land areas.
The breaking waves also exerted pressure on nearby structures along with hydro-dynamic pressures generated by high water velocity that caused full or partial crumple of buildings and other structures. Saatcioglu also points out that damages in Thailand entirely resulted from water pressures which ranged from spontaneous gushy pressures of breaking waves at the shore to low dynamic pressures on land caused by reduced velocity of essay on tsunami 2004 and induced by surface friction.
For instance, in the Indonesian region of Banda Aceh, essay on tsunami 2004, floating debris made of large objects impacted on structures p. Due to destruction of bridges, the Indonesian army put up bailey bridges to be able to find a way into nearby cement plants.
Therefore, transportation was greatly paralyzed and this endangered and hindered relief efforts. The worldwide humanitarian agencies were forced to clear the streets covered with debris from collapsed and damaged structures and vegetation. In addition, urban areas were inaccessible e. the km coastal road to Meulaboh, which was swept away by tsunami wave pressures and had its bridges weakened p. The Indonesian storm drainage system had concrete open channels along the essay on tsunami 2004 streets roofed with solid slabs and prefabricated in most populous areas.
These drainage channels had to be thoroughly cleaned for reuse. Moreover, the water mains were damaged, resulting to disruption of water supply to Banda Aceh. Many main pipelines attached to bridges essay on tsunami 2004 said to have been broken and damaged by collapsed bridge materials or floating debris Saatcioglu et al.
Edwards points out that the United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination UNDAC participated in the Rapid Environmental Assessment REA of Aceh, Indonesia and reported that bulky debris and wastes were still evident in the destroyed settlements, along roads and adjacent to the ocean.
According to Edwardsmajority of the wastes and debris came from damaged buildings, soil and organic matter such as domestic waste and wood, and vegetation.
In addition, the REA found out that household items, e. furniture, plastics, clothes, cars and damaged containers, as well as refrigerators, were part of the debris this is shown in figure 2. Edwards further points out that some areas reportedly had oil wastes and chemicals that mixed with water and sewage thus causing blockage of water sources like rivers and water channels Edwards Following the tsunami, the wastes and debris essay on tsunami 2004 an ongoing problem in Indonesia due to improper management of the wastes.
Most wastes were dumped in the sea, essay on tsunami 2004, rivers and beaches while others in emergency open dumps, thus causing fires. According to Edwards, there were three emergency open dumps in Banda Aceh and two old dumps at Gampong Jawa and Meulaboh and these open dumps were managed by local governments.
However, waste management efforts were greatly affected as local governments lost a larger proportion of employees Edwards Edwards cites reports from REA, which indicated that the tsunami exposed the environment to risks of chemical exposure, especially in places of usage, storage and manufacture.
In addition, such environments had dangerous products e. lubricants, kerosene and diesel. For example, chemical manufacturing industries, oil industries and the fishing industries are regarded as being the most important industries which underpin the economy of NAD province.
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Case Study and Case Selection The research employs case study in which the Indonesian government’s reaction to the Aceh tsunami The case study is a representative sample of how the domestic and international factors influence the Indonesian foreign policy making and a useful variation on the dimension of theoretical interest (Gerring , pp. ) particularly what factors explain Download this essay on Tsunami in Indian Ocean in and 90,+ more example essays written by professionals and your peers The tsunami of December 26 th was a natural disaster that occurred in the Indian Ocean. According to Shibayama (), the tsunami was caused by a magnitude earthquake which released 23, Hiroshima-type atomic bombs in terms of energy. The earthquake struck the coastal area off northern Sumatra in Indonesia triggering a gigantic
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